Complex tunnelling and innovation beneath Sydney Harbour
The Western Harbour Tunnel project has deployed the two largest tunnel boring machines (TBMs) in the Southern Hemisphere to construct the 1.5 kilometre section of tunnels beneath Sydney Harbour. With an external diameter of 15.7 metres, the TBMs launch from a purpose-built 28 metre high launch chamber excavated under Birchgrove. To manage tunnel spoil efficiently, a multi-storey slurry treatment plant has been installed within the tunnels underground, operating largely unnoticed below densely populated neighbourhoods. The combination of scale, precision and engineering complexity makes this tunnelling operation unprecedented in Australia.
This innovative construction technique also presented unique challenges for the Project team. Operating a 15.7 metre diameter TBM under Sydney Harbour requires careful planning and review, particularly through sections with soft sediments and mixed-face tunnelling conditions. The construction of wide-span TBM launch and reception chambers involved managing geological conditions and groundwater risks, due to the proximity of the harbour.
The project additionally required coordination of mined and TBM tunnelling techniques, TBM assembly and demobilisation within the excavated caverns, and strict compliance with environmental protection requirements. BVBI-SMEC’s experience and lessons learned from other similar major infrastructure projects including Sydney Metro, Sydney Gateway, and the Warringah Freeway Upgrade, were instrumental in meeting these challenges and supporting the safe and ongoing delivery of this complex project.
A transformative crossing to ease congestion and unlock connectivity
Western Harbour Tunnel is more than a transport project—it is a strategic investment in Sydney’s future. Scheduled for completion in 2028, the tunnel will provide a direct connection between Rozelle in the inner west and the Warringah Freeway near North Sydney, seamlessly linking the newly completed WestConnex to the city’s north. Together with the Warringah Freeway Upgrade, the project completes a critical missing link in Sydney’s motorway network, supporting urban development and community connectivity.